cron-web.org

[A1CR]

How are the http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghrelin hunger
hormone and the
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PYY satiety hormone affected by
CR. Although
the emphasis in the paper below is on what occurs to ghrelin
and
PYY after refeeding, the highly CRed state of the anorexia
nervosa patients
may provide insight.

Nakahara T, Kojima S, Tanaka M, Yasuhara D, Harada T,
Sagiyama KI, Muranaga
T, Nagai N, Nakazato M, Nozoe SI, Naruo T, Inui A.
Incomplete restoration of the secretion of ghrelin and PYY
compared to
insulin after food ingestion following weight gain in
anorexia nervosa.
J Psychiatr Res. 2006 Oct 18; [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 17054989

BACKGROUND: In humans, ghrelin has been found to stimulate
appetite while
PYY3-36 to reduce it; these orexigenic and anorexigenic
peptides play
significant roles in appetite control. We investigated pre-
and postprandial
responses of ghrelin and PYY in anorexia nervosa (AN) and
the influence of
weight gain. METHODS: Plasma ghrelin, PYY3-36, glucose and
insulin responses
after ingestion of a 400kcal standard meal were measured in
14 patients with
restricting type of AN and 12 controls. The AN patients were
evaluated
before therapy and after inpatient therapy. Psychometry was
performed by the
use of Eating Disorders Inventory. RESULTS: Ghrelin was
suppressed during
the meal test, while PYY3-36 was increased in all of the
groups. Before
therapy, AN patients had significantly increased levels of
ghrelin and
PYY3-36 compared to the control (P<0.01). After therapeutic
intervention, as
the nutritional status of AN patients improved, the
secretion of these
hormones were increased (P<0.05), but not normalized as in
psychological
testing. In contrast, insulin and glucose responses were
normalized after
inpatient therapy. CONCLUSIONS: We found that both ghrelin
and PYY3-36
increased in AN patients and these changes were not
normalized in contrast
to insulin after treatment. The increase in both orexigenic
ghrelin and
anorexigenic PYY3-36 may have a role in pathological eating
behavior in AN.

Table 1 Clinical characteristic and psychological test
(mean±SEM)
====================================================
AN patients (n=14)---Control
Before (n=12) (n=14) After (n=14)---
====================================================
Age (years) 24.6±6.0 - 25.7±6.7
Height (m) 156.9±4.0 - 159.4±4.8
BMI (kg/m2) 12.4±1.7^# 16.8±2.1* 22.3±2.2
Fat (kg) 3.2±1.9^# 9.8±3.2^#* 14.0±3.0
Length of hospitalization (days) 6.4±2.6 86.6±26.0 -
<<EDI-2>> drive for thinness 9.6±6.3^§ 5.8±4.5 4.2±2.7
Bulimia 8.4±6.4^§ 7.1±4.7 3.0±2.1
Body dissatisfaction 19.6±7.7^# 14.8±3.2^# 7.3±2.2
====================================================
* p < 0.05 versus AN before treatment
p < 0.01 and ^# p < 0.0001 versus controls.

Table 2 Change of basal ghrelin, PYY3-36, glucose, insulin
and other blood
chemicals (mean±SEM)
====================================================
AN patients (n=14)---Control (n=14)
Before (n=12) After (n=14)---
====================================================
Basal plasma ghrelin (pmol/l) 433.1±124.8**^§ 320.6±90.6
215.6±90.7
Basal plasma PYY3-36 (pmol/l) 23.6±11.3* 17.6±7.3 13.4±4.3
Basal plasma glucose (mmol/l) 4.1±0.5*^# 5.0±0.7 4.7±0.4
Basal serum insulin (pmol/l) 17.4±11.6*^# 37.2±18.2 42.1±17.4
HOMA-R 0.50±0.38*^# 1.21±0.18 1.31±0.58
Leptin (ng/ml) 1.2±0.3** 2.3±1.0** 9.2±3.4
Total protein (g/dl) 6.2±0.7**^# 7.1±0.3 7.5±0.6
Free T3 (mg/dl) 1.2±0.4**^# 2.0±0.6** 3.0±0.2
Chorinesterase (IU/L) 182.5±42.7** 209.8±46.9 248.2±36.1
====================================================
* p < 0.05 and ** p < 0.01 versus controls
^§ p < 0.05 and ^# p < 0.01 versus AN after treatment.