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[A1CR]

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocytes are a subset of the
white blood
cells, which are reduced with CR. As in the
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocytes information and in
the paper below,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atherosclerosis is triggered by
monocytes. A new paper (2) may present additional risks of
monocytes for those who eat few large meals versus ad
libitum eating. Monocytes seem to become more prone to
sticking to http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endothelial_cells
that line the heart when few
meals are eaten. Also, blood markers of heart risks seem to
be elevated in
the unnumbered table in (2). The latter was not described
in the abstract
of (2).

7. Ross R.
1 Atherosclerosis--an inflammatory disease.
N Engl J Med. 1999 Jan 14;340(2):115-26. Review. No abstract
available.
PMID: 9887164

Interactions among Endothelial Cells, Monocytes, and T Cells

... Specific arterial sites, such as branches, bifurcations,
and curvatures,
cause characteristic alterations in the flow of blood,
including decreased
shear stress and increased turbulence.77 At these sites,
specific molecules
form on the endothelium that are responsible for the
adherence, migration,
and accumulation of monocytes and T cells. Such adhesion
molecules, which
act as receptors for glycoconjugates and integrins present
on monocytes and
T cells, include several selectins, intercellular adhesion
molecules, and
vascular-cell adhesion molecules.78 Molecules associated
with the migration
of leukocytes across the endothelium, such as
platelet-endothelial-cell
adhesion molecules,79 act in conjunction with
chemoattractant molecules
generated by the endothelium, smooth muscle, and monocytes -
such as
monocyte chemotactic protein 1, osteopontin,80 and modified
LDL - to attract
monocytes and T cells into the artery (Figure 1).33 ...

2. Azuma K, Kawamori R, Toyofuku Y, Kitahara Y, Sato F,
Shimizu T, Miura K,
Mine T, Tanaka Y, Mitsumata M, Watada H.
Repetitive fluctuations in blood glucose enhance monocyte
adhesion to the
endothelium of rat thoracic aorta.
Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2006 Oct;26(10):2275-80. Epub
2006 Aug 3.
PMID: 16888238

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to elucidate the
effect of repetitive
fluctuations in blood glucose concentrations on monocyte
adhesion to the
aortic endothelium. METHODS AND RESULTS: Nonobese type 2
diabetes,
Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats were fed twice daily to induce
repetitive
postprandial glucose spikes. Then, we compared the number of
monocytes
adherent to the endothelium of thoracic aorta in these rats
with that in
rats fed ad libitum. To suppress the glucose spikes, rats
were injected with
an inhibitor of sodium-glucose transporter, phloridzin, just
before each
meal for 12 weeks. GK rats fed twice daily showed
significantly lower HbA1c
than GK rats fed ad libitum. However, the former group
showed markedly
higher number of monocytes adherent to the endothelium than
the latter,
together with increased arterial intimal thickening. Phloridzin
significantly reduced the number of adherent monocytes in GK
rats fed twice
daily. CONCLUSIONS: Our data demonstrated that repetitive
postprandial
fluctuation in glucose concentration evokes monocyte
adhesion to endothelial
cells that was worse than that induced by stable
hyperglycemia in vivo.
Suppression of such fluctuations efficiently suppressed
monocyte adhesion to
the aortic endothelium.

... Diet Restriction and Drug Administration Some GK rats
(n=59) were
trained to consume the diet chow in 1 hour, which was
provided twice a day
during the dark period (9:00 am to 10:00 am and 3:00 pm to
4:00 pm). We
designated this group as the GK rats with restricted diet
(RD group).
Another group of GK rats (n=35) were fed ad libitum (AL
group). The animals
were acclimatized to laboratory conditions for approximately
2 weeks. ... RD
rats were divided into 2 groups and treated with either
vehicle alone (0.5%
methylcellulose, n=24; VC group) or an inhibitor of the
sodium-glucose
cotransporter phloridzin (100 mg/kg, n=24; PZ group). ...

... The adhesion of circulating monocytes to the intimal
endothelial cells
is thought to be among the earliest events in naturally
occurring
experimental animal models of atherosclerosis.7 ...

HbA1c and Lipid Profile in Each Group
====================================
Age AL VC PZ
====================================
HbA1c, %
10 wk 4.07±0.42 3.76±0.40^§ 3.73±0.32^§
16 wk 5.85±0.17 3.90±0.03^§ 3.36±0.02^§¶
22 wk 6.11±0.23 3.95±0.09^§ 3.45±0.04^§¶
TG, mmol/L
16 wk 0.74±0.11 0.66±0.05 0.52±0.05
TC, mmol/L
16 wk 3.21±0.10 3.05±0.06 2.61±0.05^§¶
NEFA, g/L
16 wk 0.0126±0.0007 0.0100±0.0007^§ 0.0077±0.0009^§
====================================
Blood samples were taken 17 hours after fasting. Data
are expressed as
mean±SEM.
^§ P<0.05 vs AL, ^¶ P<0.05 vs VC. TG indicates
triglycerides.